and the structure as mapped at the surface. The nature of the Precambrian basement is not well known. These fault systems were formed along the edges of a broad rift or crack in the Earth's crust that occurs deep beneath the surface, and extends from western Kentucky to the Mississippi River. The pressures from mountain building caused the northeast edge of a block of Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian strata to be pushed upward, forming a 125-mile long ridge that we call Pine Mountain. Fault gouge is commonly mineralized. Creek but has fewer and smaller faults; fault scarps along this system exposed by strip mining of the coal If faults were active just after peat/coal accumulation, roof rocks may change rock type or thickness across faults. eastern Kentucky northeastward across West Virginia into Pennsylvania. Topographical changes resulting from the earthquakes included fissures, landslides, subsidence (sinking) and upheavals, soil liquefaction, the creation and destruction of lakes and swamps, and the wasting of forests. The In some cases, coals become mineralized (calcite veins, etc.) F21).